Part I: COMPLETELY MIXED SYSTEMS
1. Introduction
Engineers and Water Quality / Fundamental Quantities / Mathematical Models / Historical Development of Water-Quality Models / Overview of This Book
2. Reaction Kinetics
Reaction Fundamentals / Analysis of Rate Data / Stoichiometry / Temperature Effects
3. Mass Balance, Steady-State Solution, and Response Time
Mass Balance for a Well-Mixed Lake / Steady-State Solutions / Temporal Aspects of Pollutant Reduction
4. Particular Solutions
Impulse Loading (Spill) / Step Loading (New Continuous Source) / Linear ("Ramp") Loading / Exponential Loading / Sinusoidal Loading / The Total Solution: Linearity and Time Shifts / Fourier Series (Advanced Topic)
5. Feedforward Systems of Reactors
Mass Balance and Steady-State / Time Variable / Feedforward Reactions
6. Feedback Systems of Reactors
Steady-State for Two Reactors / Solving Large Systems of Reactors / Steady-State System Response Matrix / Time-Variable Response for Two Reactors / Reactions with Feedback
7. Computer Methods: Well-Mixed Reactors
Euler's Method / Heun's Method / Runge-Kutta Methods / Systems of Equations
Part II: INCOMPLETELY MIXED SYSTEMS
8. Diffusion
Advection and Diffusion / Experiment / Fick's First Law / Embayment Model / Additional Transport Mechanisms
9. Distributed Systems (Steady-State)
Ideal Reactors / Application of the PFR Model to Streams / Application of the PFR Model to Estuaries
10. Distributed Systems (Time-Variable)
Plug Flow / Random (or "Drunkard's") Walk / Spill Models / Tracer Studies / Estuary Number
11. Control-Volume Approach: Steady-State Solutions
Control-Volume Approach / Boundary Conditions / Steady-State Solution / System Response Matrix / Centered-Difference Approach / Numerical Dispersion, Positivity, and Segment Size / Segmentation Around Point Sources / Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems
12. Simple Time-Variable Solutions
An Explicit Algorithm / Stability / The Control-Volume Approach / Numerical Dispersion
13. Advanced Time-Variable Solutions
Implicit Approaches / The MacCormack Method / Summary
Part III: WATER-QUALITY ENVIRONMENTS
14. Rivers and Streams
River Types / Stream Hydrogeometry / Low-Flow Analysis / Dispersion and Mixing / Flow, Depth, and Velocity / Routing and Water Quality (Advanced Topic)
15. Estuaries
Estuary Transport / Net Estuarine Flow / Estuary Dispersion Coefficient / Vertical Stratification
16. Lakes and Impoundments
Standing Waters / Lake Morphometry / Water Balance / Near-Shore Models (Advanced Topic)
17. Sediments
Sediment Transport Overview / Suspended Solids / The Bottom Sediments / Simple Solids Budgets / Bottom Sediments as a Distributed System / Resuspension (Advanced Topic)
18. The "Modeling" Environment
The Water-Quality-Modeling Process / Model Sensitivity / Assessing Model Performance / Segmentation and Model Resolution
Part IV: DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND PATHOGENS
19. BOD and Oxygen Saturation
The Organic Production/Decomposition Cycle / The Dissolved Oxygen Sag / Experiment / Biochemical Oxygen Demand / BOD Model for a Stream / BOD Loadings, Concentrations, and Rates / Henry's Law and the Ideal Gas Law / Dissolved Oxygen Saturation
20. Gas Transfer and Oxygen Reaeration
Gas Transfer Theories / Oxygen Reaeration / Reaeration Formulas / Measurement of Reaeration with Tracers
21. Streeter-Phelps: Point Sources
Experiment / Point-Source Streeter-Phelps Equation / Deficit Balance at the Discharge Point / Multiple Point Sources / Analysis of the Streeter-Phelps Model / Calibration / Anaerobic Condition / Estuary Streeter-Phelps
22. Streeter-Phelps: Distributed Sources
Parameterization of Distributed Sources / No-Flow Sources / Diffuse Sources with Flow
23. Nitrogen
Nitrogen and Water Quality / Nitrification / Nitrogenous BOD Model / Modeling Nitrification / Nitrification and Organic Decomposition / Nitrate and Ammonia Toxicity
24. Photosynthesis/Respiration
Fundamentals / Measurement Methods
25. Sediment Oxygen Demand
Observations / A "Naive" Streeter-Phelps SOD Model / Aerobic and Anaerobic Sediment Diagenesis / SOD Modeling (Analytical) / Numerical SOD Model / Other SOD Modeling Issues (Advanced Topic)
26. Computer Methods
Steady-State System Response Matrix / The QUAL2E Model
27. Pathogens
Pathogens / Indicator Organisms / Bacterial Loss Rate / Sediment-Water Interactions / Protozoans: Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Part V: EUTROPHICATION AND TEMPERATURE
28. The Eutrophication Problem and Nutrients
The Eutrophication Problem / Nutrients / Plant Stoichiometry / Nitrogen and Phosphorus
29. Phosphorus Loading Concept
Vollenweider Loading Plots / Budget Models / Trophic-State Correlations / Sediment-Water Interactions / Simplest Seasonal Approach
30. Heat Budgets
Heat and Temperature / Simple Heat Balance / Surface Heat Exchange / Temperature Modeling
31. Thermal Stratification
Thermal Regimes in Temperate Lakes / Estimation of Vertical Transport / Multilayer Heat Balances (Advanced Topic)
32. Microbe/Substrate Modeling
Bacterial Growth / Substrate Limitation of Growth / Microbial Kinetics in a Batch Reactor / Microbial Kinetics in a CSTR / Algal Growth on a Limiting Nutrient
33. Plant Growth and Nonpredatory Losses
Limits to Phytoplankton Growth / Temperature / Nutrients / Light / The Growth-Rate Model / Nonpredatory Losses / Variable Chlorophyll Models (Advanced Topic)
34. Predator-Prey and Nutrient/Food-Chain Interactions
Lotka-Volterra Equations / Phytoplankton-Zooplankton Interactions / Zooplankton Parameters / Nutrient/Food-Chain Interactions
35. Nutrient/Food-Chain Modeling
Spatial Segmentation and Physics / Kinetic Segmentation / Simulation of the Seasonal Cycle / Future Directions
36. Eutrophication in Flowing Waters
Stream Phytoplankton/Nutrient Interactions / Modeling Eutrophication with QUAL2E / Fixed Plants in Streams
Part VI: CHEMISTRY
37. Equilibrium Chemistry
Chemical Units and Conversions / Chemical Equilibria and the Law of Mass Action / Ionic Strength, Conductivity, and Activity / pH and the Ionization of Water / Equilibrium Calculations
38. Coupling Equilibrium Chemistry and Mass Balance
Local Equilibrium / Local Equilibria and Chemical Reactions
39. pH Modeling
Fast Reactions: Inorganic Carbon Chemistry / Slow Reactions: Gas Transfer and Plants / Modeling pH in Natural Waters
Part VII: TOXICS
40. Introduction to Toxic-Substance Modeling
The Toxics Problem / Solid-Liquid Partitioning / Toxics Model for a CSTR / Toxics Model for a CSTR with Sediments / Summary
41. Mass-Transfer Mechanisms: Sorption and Volatilization
Sorption / Volatilization / Toxicant-Loading Concept
42. Reaction Mechanisms: Photolysis, Hydrolysis, and Biodegradation
Photolysis / Second-Order Relationships / Biotransformation / Hydrolysis / Other Processes
43. Radionuclides and Metals
Inorganic Toxicants / Radionuclides / Metals
44. Toxicant Modeling in Flowing Waters
Analytical Solutions / Numerical Solutions / Nonpoint Sources
45. Toxicant/Food-Chain Interactions
Direct Uptake (Bioconcentration) / Food-Chain Model (Bioaccumulation) / Parameter Estimation / Integration with Mass Balance / Sediments and Food Webs (Advanced Topic)
Appendix A: Conversion Factors
Appendix B: Oxygen Solubility
Appendix C: Water Properties
Appendix D: Chemical Elements
Appendix E: Numerical Methods Primer
Appendix F: Bessel Functions
Appendix G: Error Function and Complement
844 pages, $119.95 list
1-57766-605-4
978-1-57766-605-9
© 1997
paperback
Solutions Manual available
eBook availability
Surface Water-Quality Modeling
National and international interest in finding rational and economical approaches to water-quality management is at an all-time high. Insightful application of mathematical models, attention to their underlying assumptions, and practical sampling and statistical tools are essential to maximize a successful approach to water-quality modeling.
Chapra has organized this user-friendly text in a lecture format to engage students who want to assimilate information in manageable units. Comical examples and literary quotes interspersed throughout the text motivate readers to view the material in the proper context. Coverage includes the necessary issues of surface water modeling, such as reaction kinetics, mixed versus nonmixed systems, and a variety of possible contaminants and indicators; environments commonly encountered in water-quality modeling; model calibration, verification, and sensitivity analysis; and major water-quality-modeling problems.
Most formulations and techniques are accompanied by an explanation of their origin and/or theoretical basis. Although the book points toward numerical, computer-oriented applications, strong use is made of analytical solutions. In addition, the text includes extensive worked examples that relate theory to applications and illustrate the mechanics and subtleties of the computations.
Chapra has organized this user-friendly text in a lecture format to engage students who want to assimilate information in manageable units. Comical examples and literary quotes interspersed throughout the text motivate readers to view the material in the proper context. Coverage includes the necessary issues of surface water modeling, such as reaction kinetics, mixed versus nonmixed systems, and a variety of possible contaminants and indicators; environments commonly encountered in water-quality modeling; model calibration, verification, and sensitivity analysis; and major water-quality-modeling problems.
Most formulations and techniques are accompanied by an explanation of their origin and/or theoretical basis. Although the book points toward numerical, computer-oriented applications, strong use is made of analytical solutions. In addition, the text includes extensive worked examples that relate theory to applications and illustrate the mechanics and subtleties of the computations.